Poem Analysis - September 1 1939

A Lament for a Lost World

W.H. Auden's "September 1, 1939" is a powerful reflection on the eve of World War II, capturing a sense of impending doom and moral decay. The poem begins with a tone of uncertainty and fear, gradually shifting to a more assertive call for love and responsibility. Throughout, Auden blends personal introspection with sweeping historical and social commentary, creating a complex and deeply moving meditation on the human condition.

The Shadow of History

Written on the day Germany invaded Poland, the poem is deeply rooted in its historical context. The "low dishonest decade" refers to the 1930s, marked by economic depression, political instability, and the rise of fascism. Auden explicitly mentions figures like Luther and events like those in Linz (a reference to Hitler's origins), suggesting that the roots of the present crisis lie deep within Western culture. The reference to Thucydides, the ancient Greek historian, highlights the cyclical nature of history and the repetition of past mistakes. The poem underscores a sense of helplessness in the face of unfolding events.

The Poison of Isolation

One of the central themes of the poem is the isolating nature of human existence and its contribution to societal ills. Auden contrasts the "strength of Collective Man," symbolized by the skyscrapers, with the "vain competitive excuse" of individual languages. He argues that this competitive individualism, coupled with the desire "to be loved alone" rather than embracing "universal love," fuels the cycle of violence and oppression. This isolation extends to personal relationships, as seen in the "folded lie" and the commuters' empty vows. He implies that we fail to connect with each other and perpetuate the problems that plague society.

The "Unmentionable Odour of Death" and the Seduction of Lies

Auden employs vivid imagery to convey the pervasive sense of dread. The "unmentionable odour of death" is a haunting metaphor for the moral and physical decay that permeates the atmosphere. It is a constant, unsettling presence that cannot be ignored. The poem also explores the seductive power of lies, both personal and political. The "romantic lie in the brain" represents the individual's self-deception, while "the lie of Authority" refers to the propaganda and misinformation used to manipulate the masses. The contrast between these lies and the need for truth is a driving force in the poem.

Affirming Flame: Hope in the Darkness

Despite the overwhelming sense of despair, "September 1, 1939" offers a glimmer of hope. In the final stanzas, Auden calls for a rejection of lies and an embrace of love and responsibility. He acknowledges the limitations of individual action ("All I have is a voice"), but insists that it is crucial to speak out against injustice. The "ironic points of light" represent the individuals who are actively resisting the darkness and exchanging messages of hope and solidarity. Auden concludes with a personal pledge to "show an affirming flame," suggesting that even in the face of immense adversity, it is possible to maintain a sense of moral purpose and to contribute to a more just and compassionate world. The poem implores the reader to consider their role in creating a more loving world.