Poem Analysis - Under Which Lyre

Introduction: A Playful War of Ideologies

W.H. Auden's "Under Which Lyre" is a witty and satirical poem that playfully explores the clash between two opposing forces in society: art and commerce, creativity and conformity. The poem adopts a lighthearted and humorous tone, presenting this conflict as a battle between the gods Hermes (associated with creativity and individualism) and Apollo (representing order and societal norms). While the poem maintains a generally jovial mood, there are moments of seriousness and concern, particularly when Auden discusses the potential consequences of Apollo's dominance.

The Central Conflict: Art vs. Conformity

One of the main themes in "Under Which Lyre" is the conflict between genuine artistic expression and the pressure to conform to societal expectations. Auden embodies this theme through the contrasting figures of Hermes and Apollo. Hermes, the god of invention and individuality, represents the unconventional artist who thrives on freedom and spontaneity. Auden describes the "sons of Hermes" as those who "love to play / And only do their best when they / Are told they oughtn't." In contrast, Apollo, the god of reason and order, symbolizes the forces of conformity and the suppression of creativity. Apollo's followers "never shrink / From boring jobs but have to think / Their work important." The poem suggests that Apollo's influence can stifle originality, leading to a world where "Truth is replaced by Useful Knowledge."

The Corrupting Influence of Apollo

Auden further develops the theme of conformity by illustrating Apollo's corrupting influence on various aspects of society. He notes that Apollo "pays particular / Attention to Commercial Thought, / Public Relations, Hygiene, Sport, / In his curricula." This indicates that Apollo's values prioritize practicality and marketability over genuine intellectual and artistic pursuits. The poem also satirizes the "radio Homers" who produce "over-Whitmanated song / That does not scan," suggesting that Apollo's influence leads to the creation of formulaic and uninspired art that caters to popular taste rather than striving for artistic excellence. The poem even mocks the "enormous novels by co-eds" filled with "sensational / Sex plus some undenominational / Religious matter," highlighting the superficiality and lack of substance that can result from prioritizing commercial success over artistic integrity.

Symbolism: The Lyre and the Shield

The poem employs several recurring symbols to reinforce its themes. The most prominent symbol is the lyre, which represents artistic inspiration and creativity. Apollo's "inability to invent the lyre" symbolizes his lack of genuine artistic vision. Instead, he "creates with simulated fire / Official art," suggesting that his creations are artificial and devoid of true passion. In contrast, the shield bearing the device "Mens sana / Qui mal y pense" (a twisted version of "Honi soit qui mal y pense," meaning "Shame on anyone who thinks evil of it") represents Apollo's manipulative use of language and ideology to disguise his true intentions. The symbol encapsulates the hypocritical nature of the forces that seek to control and suppress creativity.

A Call to Resistance and Individuality

Ultimately, "Under Which Lyre" is a call to resist the forces of conformity and embrace individuality. The poem concludes with a set of commandments, "The Hermetic Decalogue," which encourages readers to defy societal expectations and pursue their own creative paths. By urging them "Thou shalt not do as the dean pleases," and "Thou shalt not write thy doctor's thesis / On education," Auden advocates for intellectual independence and a rejection of standardized thinking. The poem's final lines, "Read The New Yorker, trust in God; / And take short views," encourage a playful and flexible approach to life, embracing both worldly and spiritual pursuits while avoiding long-term commitments to rigid ideologies. The poem is a vibrant reminder of the importance of protecting creativity and individuality in a world that often prioritizes conformity and practicality.