Poem Analysis - Boes

Overall Impression and Tone

Carl Sandburg's poem Boes presents a reflective and somewhat melancholic narrative. The poem begins with a straightforward description of a freight train passing by, but it quickly shifts to a more introspective and critical tone as the speaker reflects on the differences between cattle and hoboes. The mood then turns nostalgic and somewhat bitter as the speaker recalls his own experiences in jail, highlighting themes of injustice and shared hardship.

Historical and Social Context

Carl Sandburg, an American poet, was known for his works that often reflected the struggles of the working class and the marginalized. The poem Boes likely draws from Sandburg's own experiences and observations of the social conditions of his time. The mention of the Spanish-American War and the Civil War places the poem in a historical context where issues of veterans' rights and racial equality were significant. The poem also touches on the Great Depression era, where many people, including veterans, faced economic hardship and social stigma.

Themes of Social Inequality and Injustice

The poem explores the theme of social inequality through the contrast between the cattle and the hoboes. The cattle are described as respectable because their transportation is paid for, while the hoboes are labeled as law-breakers for riding without a ticket. This contrast highlights the unfair treatment of the hoboes, who are likely struggling to survive. The speaker's reflection on his own jail time further emphasizes the theme of injustice, as he notes that even as a veteran, he was not exempt from harsh punishment.

Themes of Shared Hardship and Human Connection

Another prominent theme is the shared hardship among different social classes. The speaker's cellmate, an old bricklayer and veteran of the Civil War, represents the common struggles faced by many. Despite their different backgrounds, the speaker and his cellmate share a bond through their military service and their experiences in jail. This theme is reinforced by the presence of the Lithuanian inmate, who also faces hardship due to economic struggles and alcoholism. The poem suggests that beneath their differences, these men share a common humanity and a sense of solidarity.

Themes of Reflection and Memory

The poem also delves into the theme of reflection and memory. The speaker's recollection of his time in jail serves as a moment of introspection, allowing him to consider the broader social issues at play. The use of vivid imagery, such as the cattle cars and the hoboes on the bumpers, helps to ground these reflections in a tangible reality. The speaker's memories of his cellmates and their shared experiences add a layer of emotional depth, making the reflections more poignant and thought-provoking.

Recurring Symbols and Imagery

The freight train and the cattle cars are powerful symbols in the poem. The train represents the movement and progress of society, while the cattle cars symbolize the controlled and often exploitative nature of that progress. The hoboes on the bumpers between cars can be seen as symbols of resistance and defiance against this system. The cattle, on the other hand, represent compliance and acceptance of their fate. The contrast between the cattle and the hoboes underscores the themes of social inequality and the struggle for freedom.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Boes by Carl Sandburg is a poignant exploration of social inequality, shared hardship, and the power of reflection. Through vivid imagery and a reflective tone, the poem highlights the injustices faced by the marginalized and the common humanity that binds us all. The freight train and the cattle cars serve as powerful symbols of societal control and resistance, while the speaker's memories of his jail time add emotional depth to the themes. The poem ultimately invites readers to consider the broader social issues at play and the shared struggles of those often overlooked by society.