Poem Analysis - Onion Days

Introduction to Onion Days

Carl Sandburg's Onion Days presents a vivid snapshot of working-class life, capturing the daily struggles and resilience of the Giovannitti family. The poem's tone is largely somber and reflective, with a hint of criticism towards the economic system that exploits these workers. The narrative shifts from the mundane routines of the Giovannitti women to the privileged life of Jasper, highlighting the stark contrast between their lives. The poem's form, a free verse narrative, allows Sandburg to weave a detailed and engaging story that underscores the themes of labor, inequality, and hope.

Historical and Social Context

Carl Sandburg, an American poet, was known for his works that often reflected the experiences of the working class. The poem Onion Days is set in the early 20th century, a time when industrialization and labor practices were rapidly changing. The Giovannitti family's struggles reflect the broader issues of worker exploitation and the economic hardships faced by many during this period. The mention of the Daily News and the Episcopal church provides a glimpse into the societal norms and the role of religion in the community. The poem's setting in Peoria Street and the Bowmanville road grounds the narrative in a specific, relatable context, making the themes more impactful.

Themes of Labor and Exploitation

The central theme of Onion Days is the harsh reality of labor and exploitation. The poem vividly describes the grueling work of Mrs. Pietro Giovannitti, who works long hours picking onions for Jasper. The reduction in pay from eight cents to six cents a box due to an influx of workers highlights the economic exploitation and the precarious nature of her employment. The contrast between Mrs. Pietro Giovannitti's hard work and Jasper's privileged life, where he attends church and thinks about increasing his farm's efficiency, underscores the theme of inequality. The poem's tone shifts from empathy for the workers to a critical view of the system that allows such exploitation, emphasizing the injustice of their situation.

The Theme of Resilience and Hope

Despite the hardships, the Giovannitti family exhibits resilience and hope. Mrs. Pietro Giovannitti's joy in the impending arrival of her child shows her strength and optimism. This theme is further emphasized by the mention of the Giovannitti people going to the county agent for supplies, suggesting a community that supports each other. The poem's final lines, where the speaker reflects on the difficulty of capturing the essence of old Mrs. Gabrielle Giovannitti, highlight the dignity and complexity of their lives. This theme of resilience and hope provides a counterpoint to the themes of labor and exploitation, showing that even in the face of adversity, there is a capacity for joy and perseverance.

Symbolism and Imagery

The poem is rich with vivid imagery and symbolism that contribute to its themes. The kindling wood piled on top of Mrs. Gabrielle Giovannitti's head symbolizes her burden and the weight of her responsibilities. This image is a powerful visual that encapsulates the physical and emotional labor of the Giovannitti women. The onion fields and the streetcar rides serve as recurring images that ground the narrative in the daily routines of the characters. The contrast between the Giovannitti women's hard work and Jasper's privileged life is further emphasized by the imagery of his church attendance and his thoughts about increasing his farm's efficiency. These symbols and images work together to create a vivid and impactful portrayal of the characters' lives and the broader themes of the poem.

Conclusion

Onion Days by Carl Sandburg is a poignant exploration of labor, inequality, and hope. Through vivid imagery and symbolism, the poem captures the daily struggles and resilience of the Giovannitti family. The contrast between their hardships and Jasper's privileged life highlights the economic exploitation and injustice they face. Despite these challenges, the Giovannitti family exhibits a remarkable capacity for hope and perseverance. The poem's final reflection on the difficulty of capturing the essence of old Mrs. Gabrielle Giovannitti underscores the dignity and complexity of their lives, leaving a lasting impression of their strength and resilience.