Poem Analysis - Says

Walt Whitman's "Says" is a bold and affirmative declaration of principles, reflecting his characteristic democratic spirit and belief in human potential. The poem is a series of pronouncements, a kind of personal manifesto where Whitman refines and sometimes reverses earlier assertions. The tone is assertive and confident, yet also open to change and revision. There's a sense of ongoing discovery as Whitman grapples with ideas about equality, aesthetics, and the power of the individual mind.

A Poet's Shifting Ideals

While I lack specific historical context for this poem, Walt Whitman was deeply engaged with the social and political issues of his time, particularly around democracy and individual liberties. The poem resonates with the transcendentalist movement's emphasis on individual intuition and the inherent worth of every person. The references to slavery and liberty in section 4 reflect the pre-Civil War debates that influenced much of Whitman's work. His work often reflects a vision of America built on equality and freedom.

Equality and Individual Worth

One of the central themes of "Says" is the unwavering belief in the fundamental equality and inherent worth of every individual. Whitman explicitly states, "I say the least developed person on earth is just as important and sacred to himself or herself, as the most developed person is to himself or herself." This reflects his democratic ideals and the importance he places on individual experience. The final section emphasizes that every person, “even I pick out the lowest,” is entitled to the same rights as any other. This powerful assertion underscores his commitment to social justice and the idea that human rights should be universal, not conditional.

The Power of the Mind and Aesthetic Refinement

The poem also explores the power of the mind and the importance of aesthetic refinement, reflecting a shift or evolution in Whitman's thinking. In section 7, he directly contradicts a previous claim that everything depends on physique, now asserting that "all depends on the æsthetic or intellectual...the mind governs." This suggests a growing emphasis on intellectual and artistic pursuits. The emphasis on natural forms and aversion to exaggeration in section 5 further suggests a refined aesthetic sensibility, where true beauty lies in simplicity and authenticity. This theme highlights the transformative potential of intellectual growth and the refinement of one's sensibilities.

Liberty's Fragile Balance

The imagery of liberty and slavery in section 4 creates a stark and powerful image of their interconnectedness. Whitman uses the metaphor of "blood" to symbolize the cost of both freedom and oppression, declaring, "where liberty draws not the blood out of slavery, there slavery draws the blood out of liberty." This suggests that liberty is not simply the absence of slavery, but an active force that must continually combat oppression. The imagery is vivid and disturbing, emphasizing the brutal reality of slavery and the constant vigilance required to maintain freedom. It is possible to interpret "blood" as sacrifice, loss, or struggle. What sacrifices must society make to defend liberty?

Poet's Enduring Message

In conclusion, "Says" is a dynamic and multifaceted poem that reveals Walt Whitman's evolving perspective on key themes such as equality, the power of the mind, and the delicate balance between freedom and oppression. Through bold pronouncements and self-revisions, Whitman creates a powerful statement of his beliefs, inviting readers to engage with his vision of a more just and beautiful world. The poem's significance lies in its celebration of the individual, its commitment to equality, and its recognition of the transformative power of intellectual and aesthetic refinement.