Poem Analysis - Certain Maxims Of Hafiz

Overview: Wisdom, Wit, and the Ways of the World

Rudyard Kipling's "Certain Maxims of Hafiz" is a collection of pithy observations and cynical advice, presented in the guise of ancient wisdom. The poem’s tone is generally sardonic and world-weary, offering insights into relationships, financial dealings, and the complexities of human nature. While the poem maintains a consistent tone of detached amusement, there are subtle shifts in focus from the practical to the philosophical, and from the humorous to the cautionary, adding depth to its overall impact.

Contextualizing Colonial India

It is important to understand that Kipling lived and wrote during the height of British colonialism in India. His perspective was undoubtedly shaped by this experience, and the poem reflects a Western lens observing and commenting on the social dynamics and cultural nuances of the time. Phrases like "rulers of Ind" and references to "L.G." (Lieutenant Governor) directly situate the poem within this historical context, hinting at the power structures and interactions between the colonizers and the colonized.

The Elusive Nature of Women, and the Sting of Deceit

One prominent theme is the unpredictability and potential deceptiveness of women. Several maxims caution against trusting appearances or taking declarations of love at face value. For example, maxim VII warns: "If She grow suddenly gracious -- reflect. Is it all for thee?" This is further emphasized by comparing a woman's deceptive charm to the dangerous, alluring rocks of El-Gidar (maxim XIV). The image of the "black-buck stalked through the bullock, and Man through jealousy" suggests that love can be a dangerous game with hidden motives. The warning to burn love letters emphasizes the volatile nature of romantic relationships and the importance of self-preservation. It suggests that women can be untrustworthy, and men need to be cautious.

The World of Men: Money, Competition, and the Value of Experience

The poem also explores the male-dominated worlds of business, politics, and social status. Maxims II and IX touch on financial matters, with a cynical view of lending practices and the acceptance of profit, even if it seems morally questionable. The recurring image of the "weed," whether applied to men or horses (maxim X), signifies something useful but requiring careful management. This suggests a pragmatic approach to life, where individuals are assessed for their utility and controlled accordingly. The poem highlights the importance of experience and cunning in navigating these social landscapes, particularly in the context of colonialism. “Take his money, my son, praising Allah. The kid was ordained to be sold,” shows the narrator's pragmatic view of advantage.

The Pervasive Power of Remorse and the Difficulty of Escape

While many of the maxims offer practical advice for navigating life's challenges, there's also an undercurrent of melancholy and the recognition of inevitable consequences. Maxim XVII acknowledges that "Though Allah and Earth pardon Sin, remaineth forever Remorse." This suggests that even if one succeeds in the world's games and escapes earthly punishment, the internal weight of guilt will persist. This theme provides a darker counterpoint to the poem's generally detached and humorous tone, reminding the reader of the lasting impact of one's actions.

A Final Insight: The Enduring Relevance of Human Foibles

"Certain Maxims of Hafiz" ultimately serves as a collection of timeless observations on human nature. While rooted in the specific context of colonial India, the poem’s insights into love, greed, deception, and the pursuit of power remain relevant today. Through its cynical wit and memorable imagery, Kipling's poem offers a darkly humorous yet cautionary perspective on the enduring follies of humankind.