Poem Analysis - A General Summary

Introduction: Cynical Echoes of the Past

Rudyard Kipling's "A General Summary" presents a cynical and somewhat weary view of human nature. The poem argues that corruption and self-interest are not modern inventions, but rather deeply ingrained aspects of humanity that have persisted throughout history. The tone is wry and knowing, bordering on sardonic, with a hint of resignation. While the poem maintains a consistent critical perspective, it shifts from prehistoric examples to ancient civilizations, ultimately culminating in a universal statement about the unchanging nature of "official sinning."

The Enduring Stain of Self-Interest

One of the central themes is the persistent nature of self-interest and corruption. Kipling illustrates this by drawing parallels between primitive societies and more advanced civilizations. He begins with early humans, noting that "He that drew the longest bow / Ran his brother down." This establishes a pattern of individuals prioritizing personal gain, even at the expense of others. He reinforces the theme when mentioning "Dowb" stole "the steadiest canoe" and "ate the quarry others slew," again emphasizing the drive for personal advantage. Later, this theme evolves into more sophisticated forms of corruption, from the "contractor" who defrauded Cheops to Joseph’s “monstrous size” fraud. The poem suggests that while the methods may evolve, the underlying motivation remains constant.

The Illusion of Progress

The poem cleverly undermines the notion of human progress. Kipling argues that despite technological advancements and societal developments, fundamental human flaws remain unchanged. The line "As it was in the beginning / Is to-day official sinning, / And shall be for evermore!" serves as the poem’s stark conclusion. The reference to "the beginning" evokes a sense of biblical permanence, suggesting that corruption is an inescapable part of the human condition. By highlighting instances of deceit and favoritism across different eras, the poem implies that surface-level progress masks a deeper, unchanging reality of human behavior.

Power and Exploitation

The poem strongly illustrates the connection between power and exploitation. In each historical example, there is an imbalance of power that is used to exploit others. The early human with the "longest bow" holds power over his brother. “Dowb” is in a position to steal from others. Later, the Pharaoh’s contractor defrauds him, exhibiting the power to take advantage of his position. The poem suggests that power, regardless of its form or context, is inevitably used to oppress and exploit. Joseph's rise, regardless of how it truly came to be, implies he was given considerable power, which the narrator asserts was abused, showing how opportunity to exploit will always prevail.

Symbols of Corruption and Permanence

Kipling employs several powerful symbols to reinforce his message. "Cheops' pyramid" serves as a potent symbol of ancient power and ambition, yet it is also tainted by the suggestion of corruption and greed. The "Sphinx's visage" suggests ancient power but also the universality of "favouritism." The "reindeer-bone" representing early art and culture, is also an object of theft and exploitation. These symbols, rooted in different historical periods, collectively suggest that corruption is not confined to a specific time or place, but is rather a pervasive element of human history. The poem’s ending reinforces this permanence, leaving the reader with a sense of inescapable cynicism.

Conclusion: A Timeless Critique

"A General Summary" is a bleak but insightful commentary on human nature. Through vivid historical examples and a cynical tone, Kipling argues that corruption and self-interest are timeless flaws that transcend societal progress. The poem's enduring relevance lies in its ability to challenge our assumptions about human advancement and to remind us of the persistent presence of these negative traits throughout history. Kipling's sardonic voice compels us to consider whether true progress is possible or if we are doomed to repeat the mistakes of the past.