Poem Analysis - Mulhollands Contract

Introduction: A Bargain with the Divine

Rudyard Kipling's "Mulholland's Contract" is a dramatic monologue delivered by a rough-and-tumble cattle-boat worker who strikes a deal with God. The poem begins with a sense of immediate peril, shifts to humorous resignation, and ultimately culminates in a declaration of faith and purpose. The speaker, Mulholland, recounts his harrowing experience, his desperate pact, and the unexpected consequences that transform his life. The poem's tone is colloquial and straightforward, reflecting the speaker's working-class background, but it also possesses a subtle irony as Mulholland grapples with his divine commission.

Historical Context: Faith and Empire

While not explicitly stated in the poem, Kipling’s background as a writer deeply embedded in the British Empire provides a subtle backdrop. The poem can be read as reflecting the social concerns of the time, particularly regarding the perceived moral decay of the working classes. The emphasis on sobriety, restraint from violence, and religious conversion align with the reformist impulses prevalent during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which often saw religious conversion as a pathway to "civilizing" the lower classes. Kipling's works often explored themes of duty, responsibility, and the burdens of civilization, and those ideas are present, although subtly, in this poem.

Theme of Redemption: From Sinner to Shepherd

One of the central themes is redemption. Mulholland, initially a heavy drinker and swearer, is offered a second chance after surviving the storm. The "Contract with God" is not just about survival but about transformation. The poem charts Mulholland's journey from a man who relies on his physical strength to one who relies on his faith. The shift is evident in his acceptance of the divine mission, even though he initially resists it ("I didn't want to do it, for I knew what I should get"). The repeated phrase "back you go to the cattle-boats" emphasizes the cyclical nature of his life, but now with a higher purpose.

The Complex Relationship Between Faith and Works

The poem also explores the tension between faith and works. Mulholland's conversion isn't solely based on spiritual contemplation. He is still required to work, facing the same dangers as before. The poem doesn't shy away from the gritty reality of his life. Mulholland still encounters violence ("I have been smit an' bruised"), but his response changes. He turns his cheek, as scripture dictates, but then knocks the smiter down and leads him to "Grace," indicating that faith isn't passive but active and engaged with the world. It is faith manifested in action, fighting, and preaching.

Challenging the Skeptics: The Proof of Transformation

The final theme revolves around the validity of faith in the face of skepticism. Mulholland recognizes that others view him as "crazy," but he defends his sanity by pointing to his competence and responsibility: "For I am in charge of the lower deck with all that doth belong -- Which they would not give to a lunatic." This demonstrates that his faith hasn't made him irrational or incapable; rather, it has empowered him to become a better worker and a responsible leader. Mulholland isn't just believing, he is proving the power of belief through his transformed life.

Symbolism of the Lower Deck: A Place of Transformation

The "lower deck" itself functions as a powerful symbol. Initially, it represents a chaotic and dangerous space, a place of fear and potential death. After Mulholland's transformation, it becomes a place of preaching, calm, and order. The lower deck is not merely a physical location; it symbolizes the human soul and the possibility of transforming chaos into harmony through faith and divine guidance. The steers, representing base instincts and animalistic behavior, are now managed and protected by Mulholland, suggesting the ability to control and channel these instincts under the influence of faith.

Conclusion: A Testament to Imperfect Faith

"Mulholland's Contract" is a compelling exploration of faith, redemption, and the complexities of human nature. It avoids simplistic pronouncements about piety and instead presents a flawed but ultimately sincere character who grapples with his divine calling. Mulholland's story is not about achieving sainthood but about finding purpose and meaning in the everyday struggles of life. The poem leaves us contemplating the nature of faith: is it about blind obedience, or can it be a catalyst for positive change within the framework of our imperfect selves? Mulholland's journey suggests that it is the latter, a messy, occasionally violent, but ultimately transformative force.