Poem Analysis - The Cumberland

Overall Impression and Tone

The Cumberland by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a vivid and dramatic narrative poem that recounts the sinking of the USS Cumberland during the American Civil War. The poem's tone is initially calm and reflective, shifting to tense and urgent as the battle unfolds, and finally to somber and reverent in its conclusion. Longfellow's use of vivid imagery and powerful language creates a sense of immediacy and emotional depth, making the poem a poignant tribute to bravery and sacrifice.

Historical Context and Author's Background

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, a prominent American poet, wrote this poem during the Civil War, a time of great division and conflict in the United States. The Cumberland, a sloop-of-war, was sunk by the CSS Virginia (formerly the Merrimack) in 1862. Longfellow's poem captures the bravery and resolve of the Union sailors, reflecting the broader themes of patriotism and sacrifice that were prevalent during this period. The poem serves as a historical record and a tribute to the courage of those who fought and died in the conflict.

Themes of Bravery and Sacrifice

The poem explores the theme of bravery through the actions of the sailors on the Cumberland. Despite the overwhelming odds, the crew defiantly returns fire and refuses to strike their flag, embodying the spirit of resilience and courage. The line "It is better to sink than to yield" encapsulates this theme, highlighting the sailors' unwavering determination. The poem also delves into the theme of sacrifice, as the Cumberland and its crew are ultimately destroyed in the battle. This sacrifice is portrayed as noble and meaningful, contributing to a greater cause.

Themes of Mortality and Loss

The theme of mortality is evident in the poem's depiction of the Cumberland's sinking and the loss of life. The "sudden shudder of death" and the "dying gasp" of the cannon emphasize the finality and tragedy of the event. The poem also touches on the theme of loss, not just of lives, but of a symbol of national unity. The flag, which is "rent in twain," represents the divided nation, and its eventual restoration symbolizes hope for reunification. The poem suggests that the sacrifices made during the war will ultimately lead to a stronger, more united nation.

Symbolism and Imagery

The poem is rich with symbolism and vivid imagery. The Cumberland itself is a symbol of Union strength and resolve, while the "iron ship of our foes" represents the Confederate threat. The flag serves as a powerful symbol of national identity and unity, its survival despite the ship's destruction underscoring the enduring spirit of the nation. The "feather of snow-white smoke" and the "floating fort" are striking images that convey the impending danger and the scale of the battle. The "kraken huge and black" is a mythical sea monster, symbolizing the overwhelming and destructive force of the enemy ship.

Conclusion and Final Insight

The Cumberland by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a powerful and moving tribute to the bravery and sacrifice of those who fought in the American Civil War. Through vivid imagery, symbolism, and a shifting tone, the poem captures the drama and tragedy of the battle, while also conveying a message of hope and unity. The poem serves as a reminder of the costs of war and the enduring spirit of those who fight for their beliefs. The final lines, with their vision of a reunited nation, offer a poignant and inspiring conclusion, emphasizing the ultimate triumph of unity over division.