Address of Beelzebub
written in 1786
Address of Beelzebub - context Summary
Composed 1786: Highland Policy
Composed in 1786, Burns' Address of Beelzebub adopts the persona of a devil to satirize aristocratic attitudes toward the Highlanders. The speaker praises violent repression, evictions, and humiliation in a way that exposes elite cruelty and hypocrisy. By putting extreme commands and contemptuous language in the mouth of Beelzebub, the poem turns the ruling class’s logic into moral caricature and condemns the social and political treatment of Highland communities. It reflects Burns’s engagement with contemporary debates about class, authority, and the consequences of landlord power over poor Highland people.
Read Complete AnalysesLong life, my Lord, an' health be yours, Unskaithed by hunger'd Highland boors; Lord grant me nae duddie, desperate beggar, Wi' dirk, claymore, and rusty trigger, May twin auld Scotland o' a life She likes - as lambkins like a knife. Faith you and Applecross were right To keep the Highland hounds in sight: I doubt na! they wad bid nae better, Than let them ance out owre the water, Then up among thae lakes and seas, They'll mak what rules and laws they please: Some daring Hancocke, or a Franklin, May set their Highland bluid a-ranklin; Some Washington again may head them, Or some Montgomery, fearless, lead them, Till God knows what may be effected When by such heads and hearts directed, Poor dunghill sons of dirt and mire May to Patrician rights aspire! Nae sage North now, nor sager Sackville, To watch and premier o'er the pack vile, An' whare will ye get Howes and Clintons To bring them to a right repentance To cowe the rebel generation, An' save the honour o' the nation? They, an' be damn'd! what right hae they To meat, or sleep, or light o' day? Far less - to riches, pow'r, or freedom, But what your lordship likes to gie them? But hear, my lord! Glengarry, hear! Your hand's owre light on them, I fear; Your factors, grieves, trustees, and bailies, I canna say but they do gaylies; They lay aside a' tender mercies, An' tirl the hallions to the birses; Yet while they're only poind't and herriet, They'll keep their stubborn Highland spirit: But smash them! crash them a' to spails, An' rot the dyvors i' the jails! The young dogs, swinge them to the labour; Let wark an' hunger mak them sober! The hizzies, if they're aughtlins fawsont, Let them in Drury-lane be lesson'd! An' if the wives an' dirty brats Come thiggin at your doors an' yetts, Flaffin wi' duds, an' grey wi' beas', Frightin away your deuks an' geese; Get out a horsewhip or a jowler, The langest thong, the fiercest growler, An' gar the tatter'd gypsies pack Wi' a' their bastards on their back! Go on, my Lord! I lang to meet you, An' in my house at hame to greet you; Wi' common lords ye shanna mingle, The benmost neuk beside the ingle, At my right han' assigned your seat, 'Tween Herod's hip an' Polycrate: Or if you on your station tarrow, Between Almagro and Pizarro, A seat, I'm sure ye're well deservin't; An' till ye come - your humble servant, Beelzebub. Hell, 1st June, Anno Mundi 5790.
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