Poem Analysis - Address To The Deil

Introduction: A Humorous Take on the Devil

Robert Burns's "Address to the Deil" is a surprisingly lighthearted and conversational poem addressed directly to the Devil. The tone is far from reverent or fearful; instead, it's a mixture of playful mockery, familiar address, and a hint of pity. The poem's mood shifts from recounting the Devil's mischievous deeds to a somewhat sympathetic farewell, creating a complex and engaging portrait of evil as something almost comical and certainly not all-powerful.

Burns's Social Commentary Through Folklore

Robert Burns, a national poet of Scotland, often incorporated elements of Scottish folklore and rural life into his work. In this poem, the references to witches, kelpies, and spunkies (will-o'-the-wisps) are not just decorative; they reflect the superstitious beliefs prevalent in the Scottish countryside. By addressing the Devil directly, Burns subtly critiques these beliefs while simultaneously acknowledging their power in shaping the cultural landscape. The poem can be interpreted as a commentary on the perceived sources of misfortune and temptation within the community.

The Devil's Reputation: Power and Mischief

One of the main themes explored in the poem is the Devil's power and widespread reputation. Burns acknowledges the Devil's influence, stating, "Great is thy pow'r an' great thy fame; / Far ken'd, an' noted is thy name." However, this recognition is quickly followed by examples of the Devil's more petty and mischievous acts, such as spoiling milk production ("An' dawtit, twal-pint hawkie's gane / As yell's the Bill") or leading travelers astray with false lights ("Decoy the wight that late an' drunk is"). This juxtaposition suggests that while the Devil may be feared, his actions are often more annoying than truly destructive. The poem ultimately diminishes the Devil's grand image by focusing on his involvement in everyday misfortunes. The theme of temptation is shown through the story of the Garden of Eden and the mention of "young guidmen, fond, keen an' crouse" who are tricked by "mystic knots." Burns suggests that susceptibility to temptation is part of the human condition, aided by the Devil's trickery.

The Narrator's Clever Evasion: Mockery and Defiance

Another prominent theme is the narrator's clever defiance of the Devil. Throughout the poem, Burns maintains a tone of humorous familiarity, addressing the Devil with a variety of nicknames, such as "Auld Hornie" and "Auld Nickie-ben." This familiarity breeds a certain level of contempt. Crucially, the narrator asserts his intention to outsmart the Devil ("But faith! he'll turn a corner jinkin, / An' cheat you yet."). This statement signifies a belief in the individual's ability to resist temptation and escape damnation, a sentiment that aligns with Burns's often rebellious and independent spirit. The narrator's lighthearted approach to the Devil undermines the traditional fear associated with him, suggesting a more nuanced perspective on good and evil.

Human Frailty and the Devil's Opportunity

The poem also touches upon the theme of human frailty as a source of the Devil's power. Many of the Devil's actions, as described in the poem, prey on human weaknesses, such as drunkenness, superstition, and lust. The misfortunes attributed to witchcraft and the Devil's influence often stem from social anxieties and personal failings. By highlighting these vulnerabilities, Burns suggests that the Devil's power is not inherent but rather derived from the flaws and insecurities of humanity. This perspective implies that by acknowledging and addressing these weaknesses, individuals can diminish the Devil's influence in their lives.

Recurring Images: From Hellfire to Rural Mischief

Several vivid images recur throughout the poem, contributing to its overall message. The image of "brunstane cootie" (sulphur tub) and "lowin' heuch" (blazing pit) evokes the traditional concept of Hell. However, these images are juxtaposed with more mundane and humorous depictions of the Devil's activities in the Scottish countryside, such as "tirlin the kirks" (rattling the church roof) and leading travelers astray with "Spunkies." This contrast between the grand and the trivial reinforces the poem's satirical tone, suggesting that the Devil is more of a nuisance than a truly terrifying force. The image of the Devil as a "rash-buss" (clump of rushes) further diminishes his stature, presenting him as a common and unremarkable sight. The "reekit duds, an' reestit gizz" (smoky clothes and singed wig) portrays the Devil with more humor than terror.

Conclusion: A Farewell to the Mischief-Maker

In conclusion, "Address to the Deil" is a complex and engaging poem that blends humor, folklore, and social commentary. Burns uses vivid imagery and a conversational tone to create a surprisingly sympathetic, if still mischievous, portrait of the Devil. By highlighting the Devil's petty acts and the narrator's ability to outsmart him, Burns diminishes the traditional fear associated with evil and emphasizes the importance of human resilience and self-awareness. The poem's enduring appeal lies in its ability to challenge conventional notions of good and evil, presenting a more nuanced and ultimately more human perspective on the forces that shape our lives. The poem ends with a tone of pity, hinting that even the Devil may be redeemable. This final sentiment underscores Burns's message of compassion and his belief in the potential for good, even in the most unlikely of places.