Poem Analysis - A New Psalm For The Chapel Of Kilmarnock

An Appeal for Divine Intervention

Robert Burns' "A new Psalm for the chapel of Kilmarnock" is a passionate and somewhat sardonic plea to God. The poem begins with a traditional call to worship and gratitude, but quickly evolves into a complaint about the state of the Scottish church and a request for divine intervention against its perceived enemies. The tone shifts from celebratory to aggrieved, then to imploring, reflecting the speaker's complex feelings about faith, power, and justice. The poem is filled with vivid imagery and demonstrates Burns' use of the vernacular to make a powerful and persuasive appeal.

Historical and Social Context: The Kirk in Crisis

Understanding the poem requires some knowledge of the historical context. Burns was writing during a time of significant tension within the Church of Scotland (the "kirk"). A major point of contention was "Patronage," the system by which wealthy landowners could appoint ministers to parishes, often against the wishes of the congregation. This was deeply resented by many, who saw it as a form of corruption and a violation of the kirk's spiritual independence. The reference to "M'Gill" likely refers to a clergyman whose theological views were considered heretical by some, further fueling the sense of crisis.

Theme: Faith, Power, and Corruption

One of the central themes is the conflict between faith and worldly power, particularly the corruption that can arise when the two become intertwined. The "sons of Belial" represent those who abuse their power, attempting to "sweep them off...like an o'erflowing river," symbolizing their destructive influence. The poem highlights the disparity between the righteous, personified by "two chosen Ones," and the "Ungodly" who have seemingly prevailed. Burns suggests that even those who are devout can falter under pressure. The "ravening wolves" turning "tail to dogs" image effectively captures their loss of power and courage.

Theme: Divine Justice and Restoration

Another key theme is the belief in divine justice and the hope for restoration. The speaker acknowledges that God allowed the "Ungodly" to prevail for a time, but believes this was only so that God's glory could be further magnified through the eventual triumph of the righteous. The poem is a prayer for the restoration of the kirk to its former glory, free from the corrupting influence of "Patronage." The speaker's plea to "Consume that High-Place, Patronage," shows the depth of feeling regarding the subject, and suggests a desire for revolutionary change within the Scottish church.

Theme: The Plight of the Common People

A third important theme that resonates throughout the poem is the plight of the common people and the speaker's empathy for their struggles. By saying "We seek but little, Lord, from thee, / Thou kens we get as little," Burns brings in a sarcastic note, but it is an important reminder of the hardship ordinary people were experiencing. This is intertwined with their frustration over a church that was neglecting their needs. It reflects a broader concern for the welfare of ordinary Scots, a recurring theme in Burns' work. This humble tone humanizes the speaker and invites the reader to sympathize with the struggles of the Scottish people.

Symbolism and Imagery: Wolves, Rivers, and Burning Books

The poem is rich in symbolism and evocative imagery. The image of the "o'erflowing river" represents the destructive power of the "sons of Belial." The "howling, ravening wolves" turning tail symbolizes the loss of power and courage of those who were meant to protect the faith. The burning of "the book / Even of that man, M'Gill," is a powerful image of purification and the removal of heresy. The reference to "Jerusalem" positions Kilmarnock as a centre of the Scottish church, and so the people of the town are key to saving it from corruption.

Final Reflections: A Prayer for Change

"A new Psalm for the chapel of Kilmarnock" is more than just a religious hymn; it is a passionate plea for social and religious reform. Burns uses the form of a psalm to critique the power structures of his time and to express the frustrations of ordinary people. The poem's significance lies in its blend of religious devotion, political commentary, and social critique, reflecting Burns' deep engagement with the issues facing Scotland in the late 18th century. The poem is thus a testament to Burns' unique ability to blend the sacred and the secular, offering a powerful and enduring message of hope and resilience.