Poem Analysis - To Robert Graham A Request For An Excise Division

An Eloquent Plea: Introduction

Robert Burns' "To Robert Graham a Request for an Excise Division" is a masterful blend of flattery, self-deprecation, and earnest petition. The poem's tone oscillates between grand pronouncements about the nature of humanity and humble pleas for personal assistance. While initially adopting a lofty, almost philosophical stance, the poem gradually narrows its focus to Burns' specific circumstances and desires, creating a compelling narrative arc. This shift highlights the precarious position of the artist in society, dependent on the patronage of the wealthy, and underscores the complex emotions involved in seeking such support.

The Poet's Plight: Context and Background

Understanding Burns' background as a struggling poet in 18th-century Scotland is crucial to appreciating the poem's nuances. Burns sought an excise division, a government position involving tax collection, to provide him with financial stability. The poem is, therefore, not merely a theoretical exploration of the poet's role, but a carefully crafted appeal to Robert Graham, a powerful figure capable of granting that request. The references to poverty, hardship, and the unreliability of artistic income are rooted in Burns' lived experience, lending authenticity to his plea.

The Dual Nature of Man: Themes of Creation and Dependence

One of the poem's central themes is the nature of humanity, particularly the contrasting roles of the pragmatic and the artistic. Burns depicts Nature as a creator carefully crafting different types of people, from "Plain, plodding Industry" to "knights and squires." This division establishes a hierarchy, with the "useful many" contrasted with the "rarer Sorts." Another major theme is the dependence of the artist on patronage. Burns portrays the poet as a "propless Climber of mankind," reliant on the support of "The Truly Great" to thrive. This highlights the inherent vulnerability of the artistic temperament in a world often prioritizing practical concerns. Finally, the poem explores the theme of self-worth versus societal value. Burns grapples with the dilemma of acknowledging his need for assistance while simultaneously asserting the unique value of his poetic gifts, showcasing the internal conflict of a proud but impoverished artist.

Symbolism and Imagery: A Plea Woven in Metaphors

The poem employs vivid imagery to convey its message. The metaphor of Nature as a craftswoman meticulously forming different types of people establishes a sense of order and purpose in the world, even as it highlights the poet's perceived lack of a defined role. The image of the poet as a "propless Climber" clinging to a "Standard-tree" (Graham) is particularly powerful, symbolizing the poet's desperate need for support. The "Standard-tree" is a symbol of stability and power, and the poet's "tendrils" represent his reliance on Graham's generosity. Another striking image is that of the "lark's shrill song" ascending to heaven but "grovelling on the earth," symbolizing the poet's lofty aspirations often undermined by earthly needs. It's possible this image could also be interpreted as the disparity between the poet's outward appearance of success, masking inner turmoil.

The Art of Persuasion: Conclusion

In conclusion, "To Robert Graham a Request for an Excise Division" is a complex and compelling poem that transcends its immediate purpose. It offers a nuanced exploration of the poet's role in society, the precariousness of artistic existence, and the inherent tension between pride and dependence. Through its skillful use of imagery, tone, and carefully constructed arguments, the poem serves not only as a personal plea but also as a timeless reflection on the value of art and the challenges faced by those who dedicate their lives to its creation. The poem's enduring appeal lies in its honest portrayal of the human condition, capturing the universal desire for recognition and support in a world often indifferent to artistic pursuits.